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FIRTH-STERLING 
STAINLESS STEEL 


FIRTH-STERLING STEEL COMPANY 
Genera I ce and Works: 
McKeesport, Pa. 


Boston Hartford Philadelphia 
Cleveland Cetroit Los Angeles 


San Francisco 


Price $1.00 Net 


# 


oe tts . PM es 
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2 oe La 


Copyright, 1923. by 
FIRTH-STERLING STEEL COMPANY 
McKEESPORT, PA. 


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‘Th’ invention all admir’d, and each, how he 
To be th’ inventor miss’d; so easy it seem’d, 
Once found, which yet unfound most would have 
thought 
Impossible.” 
JoHN MILTON 
[B. 1608] 


Table of Contents 


iecetace - - - 
History - - - 
Applications - - 
Types of Stainless Steel - 
Heat ‘Treatment and Working 
Chemical Analysis - - 
Physical: Properties - - 


Resistance to Various Agencies of 
Baist, otain and «Corrosion 


Terms of Warranty 2 


Index - - - 


ARs yes 


HIS book has been prepared with the object of 

| bringing before those interested in Stainless 

Steel such data as may save the trouble and ex- 

pense of conducting experiments in the fields where 

experience has shown that it has, or has not, been found 

suitable. ‘The information is based upon experiments 

made in our laboratory; in the laboratory of the Firths 

in Shefheld, England; and upon reports from custom- 
ers who are using the material. 

Special acknowledgment is due Messrs. Thos. Firth 
& Sons, Ltd., of Shefheld, our own Metallurgical Staff, 
at McKeesport, Pa., and the many customers who have 
cooperated. 

Although Stainless Steel is now used for a great 
variety of purposes new applications are being found 
from day to day; consequently any treatise on it at this 
time is of a preliminary nature. Later editions must 
necessarily follow. 


Firth-Sterling Steel Company 


faly vat, 1923. 


HISTORY 
Sy aiiracee STEEL has marked an epoch in the 


manufacture of steel secondary only in impor- 

tance to High Speed Steel at the beginning of the 
present century. Although its development was some- 
what retarded during the late War, its worth has now 
been fully proven under actual service conditions and 
it has established itself as a valuable commercial 
product. 

The value of high percentages of Chromium in im- 
parting special properties to 1ron and steel has been 
known for many years. As early as 1872 the effect of 
Chromium in producing non-corrosive properties in 
steel was vaguely described by two Englishmen who 
made an application for a patent which was never 
granted. There were no important developments until 
about 1912 when Mr. Harry Brearley, in the laboratory 
of Thos. Firth & Sons, Ltd., Shefheld, England, dis- 
covered the combination of alloys, and developed the 
necessary manufacturing details, to produce a steel 
which would neither rust, stain nor tarnish when sub- 
ject to the ordinary agencies of rust, stain and corrosion. 

At the time that Mr. Harry Brearley was develop- 
ing Stainless Steel in England, Mr. Elwood Haynes 
was working independently in the United States on the 
same problem. Both were granted United States pat- 
ents. These and other patents have since been acquired 
by the American Stainless Steel Company. (The 


[9] 


1O FIR PE =o UE RINGS TEE aC Ovi Paine 


American Stainless Steel Company owns the Stainless 
Steel Patents, but does not manufacture or sell steel.) 
FIRTH-STERLING STAINLESS STEEL 
and 
FIRTH-STERLING STAINLESS IRON 
are manufactured under a license from this company. 
The work by Thos. Firth & Sons, Ltd., Sheffield, 
England, and the Firth-Sterling Steel Company, 
McKeesport, Pa., during the years since 1912, has 
brought the steel to its present state of perfection. Dur- 
ing the War its use was restricted to war purposes, 
many tons of it going into valves for aeroplane motors. 
Since the War its development has been vigorously 
carried on, and engineers have recognized its value in 
many directions. At about the same time that Stainless 
Steel was discovered in the Shefheld Works, another 
type of stainless material, “Stainless Iron,” was made 
in the laboratory of the Firth-Sterling Steel Company 
at McKeesport. Its development was also delayed by 
the War. 


el Ab LIN: Tel oan a pela kabel; I] 


Applications and Possibilities 


There is a wide field for rustless, stainless steel or iron 
because, since the earliest use of steel and iron, rust and 
corrosion have been their greatest enemies. ‘These are 
being overcome. Cutlery was first to take any consider- 
able tonnage of Stainless Steel, but Stainless Steel and 
Stainless Iron have been used with success for a variety 


of purposes including: 


Aeroplane Parts 

Air Compressor Valves 

Automobile Parts and 
Fittings 

Artificial Limb Fittings 

baances, nite, Edges, 
Beams, etc. | 

Ball Bearings 

Bicycle Parts 

Bits, etc. (Horses) 

Bolts, Nuts, etc. 

Bottling Machinery 

Bread-making Machinery 

Buckles: shoe, Harness, 
etc. 

Builders’ Tools 

Butchers’ Rails, Hooks, 
CLC: 


Carburetor Needles, Jets, 
Screws, etc. 

Clock Parts 

Cold Storage Equipment 

Cooking Utensils 

Cutlery 

Dairy Apparatus 

Dental Instruments 

Dies 

Drawing Instruments 

Electrical Appliances 

Enemess Acro, Gas, Oil, 
CrG. 

Fishing Tackle 

Forks 

Gauges 

Golf Club Heads 

Gun Parts 


js PCD Rel Po 2 Rae, G3 eta eG ev een eae 


House Fittings | Railroad Equipment 
Instruments, Musical Refrigerator Parts 
Keys Roller Bearings 

ni vcst Saddlery Hardware 
Laboratory Fittings Scale aah 

Locks Sewing Machine Parts 
Machinery Parts Soap - manufacturing 
Micrometer Frames Machinery 

Motion Picture Machinery Soda Fountain Parts 
Motor Cycle Parts Surgical Instruments 
Moulds Tools 

Needles Turbine Blading, 


Ornamental Metal’ Work Nozzles, ete. 
Paper and Pulp Machinery Washing Machine Parts 


Parts Water Meter Parts 
Periscope Parts Weighing Machine Parts 
Phonograph Parts Yacht Fittings 


Pump Rods and Parts 


CoPEASIEN UL EeSiseueay ek 13 


Types of 
Firth-Sterling Stainless Steel 


Stainless Steel is supplied in three types, viz: 
1 Steel Annealed 
Zs Steel Particularly Annealed 
Be Tron 


STEEL ANNEALED is a-material requir- 
ing heat treatment, and proper finishing, to bring out 
its rustless and stainless qualities. “he same heat treat- 
ment has the effect of producing maximum strength. 

The tensile strength of pieclmied petreatcds 
is approximately 110 tons—See Physical Properties, 
page 27. 


STEEL PARTICULARLY ANNEALED: As 


stated above this steel in the regularly annealed condi- 
tion requires heat treatment to make it stainless but we 
have a method of giving the steel what we call a “Par- 
ticular Annealing” which produces machinable steel 
that is stainless without further heat treatment. It is 
necessary, however, to remove the surface of the par- 
ticularly annealed steel the same as the regularly an- 
nealed steel but this operation is considerably more 
difficult. 

The harder the steel, the more stainless it is; there- 
fore, our aim is to make the Particularly Annealed 
Steel just as hard as possible and still have it ma- 
chinable. 


I4 FIRTH -STERLEN GS TB eCO MPA Ney 


IRON has the general characteristics of 
wrought iron in that it is soft in the manufactured 
state and requires no annealing. Its physical proper- 
ties and stainlessness can be improved by heat treating, 
but it remains machinable. It is exceedingly ductile 
and can be cold worked like a mild steel. The tensile 
strength of Iron is thirty to forty tons which 
may be increased somewhat by heating to about 1900° 
F. and air cooling or quenching in oil. In the natural 
state Iron machines about the same as ordinary 
bar iron. Iron shows good stainless properties 
in the forged condition, but the oxidized surface must 
be removed. 


CAUTION! 
Any trace of oxide in 
Stainless Steel Annealed 
Stainless Steel Particularly Annealed 
Stainless Iron 
causes a seat for electrolytic action which invariably 
results in corrosion. This 1s a matter of vital impor- 
tance. 


SRATN LESS Sisk L Is 


Firth-Sterling Stainless Steel 
Heat Treatment 


Forging * 
Steel is more difficult to forge than regular 


boorestec!. In this respect it resembles High Speed 
Steel. Steel does not absorb heat readily, hence 
it is necessary to soak it at a low temperature, in the 
meiveou isu) EF. for a-long. period of time, as a 
preliminary measure to insure softness and uniform 
Beawme for forging. In general it should be left in 
the furnace two to three times as long as ordinary 
steels of the same size and shape. Between the tem- 
Perrturcssot 1700° F. and 2000° F., Dteclecan 
be forged without danger of rupture, but below 1700° 
F., it forges with difficulty and if forcibly deformed 
at this temperature by heavy blows, excessive strains 
and breakage will result. Frequent reheating is, there- 
fore, recommended. 

Steel is an air-hardening steel and if al- 
lowed to cool in the air from its forging heat becomes 
hard. Just how hard the steel will be, depends upon 
the temperature to which it has been previously heated 
and also upon the cross-section of the finished product. 
The hardness may vary to a considerable extent. For 


* For forging Iron see Page 19. 


16 FIRTH+STERUING- SLE EL COM Paes 


instance, it may correspond to a Brinell. number as 
high as 550 if the initial heating temperature was be- 
tween 1/00° F. and 2000° F. If an excessively high 
forging temperature is used, such as one in excess of 
2200° F., the steel is burned and the resultant forged 
mass is soft, but brittle, and shows a Brinell in the 
vicinity of 300. No general use therefore should be 
made of the resultant hardness of air-cooled forgings. 
Attempts to hammer knife blades and thin sections 
until they are black, with the object of making them 
hard and resilient, should be discouraged; results ob- 
tained are not only very unreliable as regards uniform 
hardness, but the material is in a highly stressed condi- 
tion and liable to break. Forgings made in this manner 
will rust or corrode. 


Normalizing and Annealing 


The critical point of Steel is in the vicinity 
of 1530° F. As with ‘any other air-hardening steels, 
normalizing is impossible. ‘The range of hardening — 
and that of normalizing are almost identical, hence 
the failure of the process. Strains incidental to forg- 
ing and machining can be relieved by holding the steel 
at a temperature of about 1300° F. for a short time, 
and then allowing it to cool in the air. 

To anneal Steel to get the best machining 
properties, it should be held for some time at a tem- 
perature of from 1350° F. to 1400° F. and allowed to 
cool either in the furnace or in the open air. 


BLA UNL Bos S LEE LU I 


i get 


Hardening 


The proper hardening range for Steel is from 
1750° F. to 1900° F., depending upon size and hard- 
ness desired. ‘The steel being an air-hardening one, 
thin sections or intricate shapes which are likely to 
warp or break if quenched, can be hardened by air 
cooling from the higher temperatures of the range, 
but the work will not be quite so hard as if it had 
been cooled in oil or water. ‘The steel shows its max- 
imum hardness when quenched in water or brine, but 
for all general purposes, quenching in oil at 1800° F. 
to 1850° F. will give the best results. The higher 
the quenching temperature, within reasonable limits, 
the better the general results will be. Although 
Steel hardens at a comparatively high tem- 
perature, its hardening heat must not be confused with 
figiecnegrohn speed Steel. 


Considerable care should be exercised in heating 
Steel for hardening as it absorbs heat very 
slowly. In heating for hardening it should be held 
in the furnace about two to three times as long 
as ordinary steels to reach a uniform temperature. 
Wherever practicable, Steel should be given a 
thorough preheating at a temperature of about 1300°F. 
before being placed in the full hardening heat. This 
is especially applicable to heavy sections. 


1S BERTH-STERTEN Gos PEER ICOUlE eae 


Tempering 

The strains set up in hardening should be relieved by 
drawing the temper. The extent to which the steel is 
drawn is limited by the purpose intended. For in- 
stance where a piece drawn to 575° F.—950° F. will 
show a tensile strength of approximately 100 tons 
and a Brinell hardness exceeding 500, increasing the 
drawing temperature to 1350° F. reduces the tensile 
strength to approximately 50 tons and the Brinell 
hardness to approximately 300. The effect of various 
heats is illustrated on pages 29, 30, 33 and 34. 

The heating curves illustrated in the charts on pages 
33 and 34 were taken from the Bureau of Standards 
Scientific Paper No. 426, pages 512 and 513. Firth= 
Sterling Stainless Steel was used in these tests. 


Discoloration at High Temperatures: The colors 
which appear on polished steel as it is heated are 
frequently called “temper colors” and are due to very 
thin films of oxidized metal. Firth-Sterling 
Stainless Steel resists oxidation and more heat is re- 
quired to produce a given color than in ordinary tool 
steels, as is illustrated by the table on the opposite 


page. 


STAINLESS STEEL © 10 


Temper Colors 


APPEARS ON APPEARS ON 

COLOR TOOL STEEL STAINLESS STEEL 

Deg. C. Deg. F. Deot. Ce Derek. 

[Sue OS see eS 220) 428 250 +82 
eile iat a ee 230 446 300 Bie 
ache oitaw— brownish ..... 240 464 350 662 
Hemienisn= piutple «... 0... 260 500 400 ipo 
Reddish—purple brown..... 270 518 450 842 
ll) Gy t 290 554 500 932 
feepiet bive—yviolet........ 300 Due 550 1022 
id UG Sn 310 590 600 BhL2 
rem IWe «o.oo =... 620 608 650 1202 
Coe) (nd 96 340 644 700 1292 
PevemisheGstay 4. .......-- 360 680 750 1382 


The above colors are only approximate and vary 
in different lights and because of surface conditions, 
also by reason of the conditions under which the heat- 
ing has been done. 


Forging Iron 


In forging Iron, as in forging Steel, 
Paeee-sential, that the Iron be allowed to soak at a 
low temperature for some time to insure uniform 
heating. It is also important that the maximum forg- 
ing heat be kept below 1900° F. At higher tempera- 
tures the Iron tends to stiffen or harden slightly and 
is less machinable. To soften from this condition 
cool slowly from a temperature of approximately 


1400° F. 


20) PLR HSS BE RIDIN G5 Tela se Cie oe 


Welding 
Steel and Iron can be successfully 


welded by the electrical contact or fusion method. 
Both of these processes permit of its union to soft 
steel. It must be understood, however, that in electric 
welding, the temperature at the point of contact is 
raised very high and as a result the metal will be hard, 
with a tendency toward brittleness. Where possible, 
welded work should be annealed before further fabri- 
cation or treatment. ‘The acetylene torch has very little 
effect upon this steel. It cuts it only with the greatest 
difficulty. It apparently cannot be satisfactorily welded 
with the ordinary methods in. a smith’s forge. 


Brazing and Soldering 
Steel and Iron can be soldered but, 


due to certain difficulties presented, the process of 
brazing is preferred. It is possible to successfully 
braze the steel 1f proper précautionseatre fakemeneers 
composition of brazing material, kind of flux, and the 
temperature of the work. A brass brazing alloy, com- 
posed of equal parts of copper and zinc is recom- 
mended. The working temperature is considerably 
above that customary for such work, being in the 
vicinity of 1600° F., which is well above the melting 
point of the brazing alloy. 

A paste which has given successful results is made 
by mixing four parts by weight of borax to one of 
ferric-chloride in hydrochloric acid. ‘This solution 


D a NSE Sib} Sa Ere mel 


is used to form a thin paste with zinc-chloride. It is 
essential that the surface to be brazed be free from 
dirt, scale and grease. 


Case Hardening 
Sass) Steel and LS-tess] Iron cannot be case hard- 


ened without losing their rustless and stainless char- 
acteristics. 


Cold Working 
Steel and Iron can both be cold 


rolled and cold drawn. In drawing the steel, however, 
frequent annealings are necessary and the operation is 
difficult. Iron can be drawn more readily. 


The cold working or distortion of the surface of 
Steel reduces its resistance to rust and corro- 
sion so that a heat treatment and grinding, or machin- 
ing becomes necessary. Every trace of scale or oxide 


must be removed from Steel. 


Iron after cold working requires no heat 
treatment to make it resistant to ordinary rusting con- 
ditions; however, its properties, including machina- 
bility, mechanical strength, resistance to erosion and 
corrosion can be improved by suitable heat treatment. 
Every trace of scale or oxide must be removed from 


Tron. 


22 FUR TI AS Sea Oo ECA MP Aaa 


Machining Properties 


In the regularly annealed condition Steel is 
readily machinable but for some purposes where very 
sharp angles or unusually smooth machined surfaces 
are required the Particularly Annealed Steel is recom- 
mended. Particularly Annealed Steel, however, is 
difficult to machine. 


Iron may be machined like ordinary 
wrought iron or soft steel. 


Grinding 
Aside from proper hardening by far the most import- 
ant process which influences stain-reststance 1s that 
of grinding. It should be realized at the start that 
Steel is more difhcult to grind than ordinary 
steel. As has been mentioned Steel conducts 
heat very slowly, hence great care should be used in 
grinding the hardened steel so that heat checks and 
“grinders. scorch” are not producediiie: Gy armeis. 
scorch” is a yellowish-brown discoloration, due to im- 
proper grinding. Frictional heat is generated in local 
patches on the surface of the work and the resulting dis- 
coloration has every appearance of stain. This appar- 
ent stain is in reality a temper color but actual staining 
is quite likely to occur on surfaces where it is present. 
Wet grinding is always preferred. The grinding 
must be deep and thorough. Every trace of forging 
scale and surface oxidation must be removed. Any 


STAINLESS STEEL 23 


remaining oxides or pits serve as seats for corrosion 
and an electrolytic action is set up*which rapidly 
pelequsmover) the surface of the material. A “high 
polish can be obtained by dry finishing. 


In the past it has been the belief of some that the 
surface stability of Steel was due entirely to 
the degree to which the surface had been polished. 
On the contrary, the stain and rust-resisting proper- 
ties are inherent in the steel, being the result of com- 
position combined with heat treatment. A smooth, 
highly polished surface is to be desired in order that 
no pits shall offer “seats of corrosion” or spots where 
electrolytic action may start. 


Etching 
Steel shows a remarkable resistance to the 


effect of nitric acid whether cold or boiling and in any 
degree of concentration. It is readily attacked by both 
hydrochloric and sulphuric but neither of these acids 
alone serve as a good etching medium. The follow- 
ing mixtures and solutions have been found to give 
satisfactory results: 


1. Saturated solution of ferric-chloride in hydrochlo- 
Piewacide to) which a little nitric has been added. 
Use full strength. 


2. For light etching. A saturated solution of copper- 
sulphate in hydrochloric acid. 


oA RUR TAA ER EN Ge Seer eC Oise 


“3. For light-etching. 


Pivedrechioric acids aes 100 parts 
Wid teak a vie ee eee 100. parts 
NercurouspNitratcee =e 7 parts 


Heat to effect complete solution but use cold, 

4. Aqua-Regia. (3 HC] + HNOs))) Thea ate 
these two acids should be allowed to stand for 24 
hours before using. It is used full strength for 
rapid work but requires very careful handling. 

In general, the best results are secured where weaker 
solutions are used and a longer time allowed for etch- - 
ing. 
Although in the manufacture of Stainless Steel it 
is the practice to strike a stencil mark into the red 
hot bar to indicate the type of steel, and although 
some foreign cutlery makers stamp the blades instead 
of etching them, experience has shown that unless all 
of the black scale, which is driven into the steel by 
stamping, 1s removed, corrosion may occur in the 
impression and spread to the polished part of a knife 
blade or other articles. We recommend etching as 
always preferable to hot stamping. Methods of Elec- 
tric Etching are now being worked out. 


Pickling | 
Stainless Steel is readily attacked by both Hydrochlo- 
ric and Sulphuric Acids. A solution of either of these 
acids will be found suitable for a pickling medium, 
although the most satisfactory results will be obtained 


STAINLESS STEEL 7s 


by the use of a 50% solution of Hydrochloric to which 
a little Nitric Acid has been added. A boiling solu- 
tion of 20% Sulphuric Acid has been found to give 
fairly good results but extra precaution is necessary to 
prevent pitting. 


Chemical Analysis 


‘The various patents owned by the 
American Stainless Steel Company, from whom the 
Firth-Sterling Steel Company obtained its license to 
manufacture Stainless Steel, contain information on 
the subject of Chemical Analysis. A typical analysis 
of Steel shows Carbon .30 and Chrome 13.00. 
Iron analyzes about the same as Steel 
excepting that the carbon runs about one-half that of 
thes otcel. | 
Firth-Sterling Stainless Steel, like all Firth- 
Sterling Brands, is sold on Brand and Performance, 
and not to Carbon Content or Chemical Analysis. 


GS hE Ele *C.O av ae 


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STAINLESS STEEL 27 


Physical Properties 


Corrosion 


Although Steel is a steel of high tensile value 
and one which offers great resistance to heat oxidation 
and the softening effects which usually accompany 
high temperatures, its most remarkable property is 
its surface stability or its resistance to stain, corrosion 
and rust. ‘The steel shows this exceptional property to 
a maximum degree when in a properly hardened con- 
dition and when a clean, smooth surface is exposed. 


Tensile Properties 


Steel ranks high among steels noted for their 


high tensile strength, being a close competitor of the 
well known Chrome-Nickel and Chrome-Vanadium 
combinations. It is especially valuable on account 
of the wide drawing temperature range at which a 
200,000 lb. per sq. in. breaking strength can be ob- 
tained. When properly hardened, little difference is 
noted in the tensile strength of the steel whether it 
is drawn at 500° F. or 950° F. When drawn below 
500° F. lower values as regards reduction of area and 
elongation are obtained, while no advantage in tensile 
strength can be noted. Hardened Steel drawn 
at 950° F. is non-staining but cannot be machined. 


———_——<—__—_ 


28 EERE H-s TERLIN.G SS TEEE "COM Page 


Below is given a table showing some of the physical 
properties when the steel is drawn at temperatures 


under 950° F. 


200,000. LB. TENSILE STRENGTH CONDIaGs 
Oil Quenched at 1825° F. Drawn at 575° —950° F. 


Vieldwnointt see eee 170,000 — 210,000 Ibs. per sq. in. 
cleensilanotren: le. sete ee oe 200,000 — 250,000 Ibs. per sq. in. 
Hlongationgeee cts eet ere: 8.0% — 4.0% 

Kedticttonm cigs. renmwe ese 20.0% — 10.0% 

Brine.ige ten Oren cae 400 — 475 

Scleroscope =o as Sew 60 — 70 


When drawn at temperatures in excess of 1050° F., 
a marked change in tensile properties takcam piace 
and much lower results are obtained. At still higher 
temperatures, 1200° F. to 1400° F., the drop takes 
place very rapidly and the steel becomes exceptionally 
tough. It might be well to mention at this time that 
there is an intermediate state which exists between the 
225,000 Ibs. and the 150,000 lbs. tensile strength con- 
dition, over which there is considerable controversy 
and which offers a wide field for extensive research 
work. ‘This is illustrated on pages 29 and 30. 


Dre Ne Ia eS Geno Laks Ls 
Tensile Properties of 
Stainless Steel 
rou). Cy 00) Gr 

Oil quenched at 1800° FF. Drawn as indicated. 

DRAWN Ware: ‘EAN Gy SLR ELONG. R.A. BNE FRACTURE 
AT EBS.SQ.IN.  LBS.SQ.IN. %IN-2" ~ % NO. 

S50 EF. ©2203,508 TaN ag AS 8.3 19.5 480 Flat 
TOO0SE -195,508 ROO WATE 6.6 15.9 460 Flat 
1050° F. 191,450 225,085 7.4 Zo 425 Flat 
POO ae) 170,558 197,183 LOR Syd 319 Starry 
io et, 2 145-136 174,864 9.9 lao Sa Starry 
Poe §131.6/0 159,284 sPibeyl 37.9 535 Starry 
1250°0R) ~125;364 150,682 122 39.2 325 Starry 
Ieee 2 b215155 146,798 12.4 40.5 ele Starry 
Pesoeahe. ©113°/62 140,857 13.4 43.5 305 Starry 
1400° F. 103,900 130,975 14.4 45.8 285 Starry 
1450° F. 104,038 137,863 Was: 39.5 305 Cupped 
1500° F. 114,138 159,975 12.4 34.0 340 Starry 
Ann’d 65,000 99,950 270 Shey! MS Starry 


The mechanical properties of the steel may be modi- 


fied by raising or lowering the quenching heat. 


The 


lower heats give better mechanical properties but at 


some sacrifice to Hardness and Stain Resistance. 


One 


of the standard treatments is illustrated in the follow- 
ing graphic record. 


ELONGATION AND REDUCTION OF AREA—PER CENT 


30 FURTA-S-FERUUNG* SDE 0 MEP ae 


8S 270 


80 260 


75 250 


NCHEG AT IBSS"F- 


70 = 240 500 
65 § 230 475 
60 < 220 450 
Qo 
o 
Dona el0 425 
a 
(2) 
50 zZ 200 400 
a 
: \ 
45 z 190 375 
a 
3 
40 X 180 350 
t 
F 
Sm liz0 325 
re 
FE 
Ww 
30 |, 160 300 
a 
: | 
z 
25 - 150 ae eae 275 
sai aes | EN. if 
5 130 : BAA 
{ 120 a ail 200 
ae ar 
: Bark 
4 
5 0 — 175 
0 Salo : BS 150 
0° ~=—-:100 200 360 400 00 600 700 600 300 00 1100 1200 1300 1400 00 


TEMPERATURES DEGREES F. 


The foregoing graphic chart was drawn from actual figures obtained under test 
conditions, with the exception of the tensile strength from O° to 400° F, 
drawing temperatures. 


BRINNELL NUMBERS 


S DAENIL So. 5S LEE Ral 


Scaling at High Temperatures 


As the temperature of ordinary steel rises the surface 
oxidizes into a scale of measurable thickness, and even 
aaderowerca heat the thickness of the scale increases 
with time. Steel behaves quite differently. 


i patora temperature of about 1480° FP. the gloss sur- 
face, due to polishing and hot tinting, 1s permanent 
and the specimen neither gains nor loses appreciably 
in weight. Its comparative value in this respect is 
illustrated by the following chart, which records the 
percentage loss in weight of various steels after expo- 
sure for many hours at temperatures above red heat. 


40 5 


coe ccccscccceesedecsoucccaddssesecsosssoccusss 


SCALING TESTS 
Specimens heated at temperature se 
stated & weighed every 24 hours 
After removing scale 


35 


S — Stainless Steel. 
HS__ High Speed 
HN Nickel Chrome. 
N — 25% Nickel. 
VN 5% 


A — 3% Carbon Steel. EE 


a 
BgSnEs suaessanessasnssasagsnsgassees esaees 


30 


SGscsseescqceccsen) 20 
ite ia! 28 


sractttin aii 


PERCENTAGE LOSS OF WEIGHT 


eee 


BEE 
ths 2Seeesi 
72 9 | 120 
7 hours ple A6 hours__,|, 46 hours __,i23 hours 
1300°F,A335°F, 11380°F,/1480’F.' 1480 sae eaey, i 
aa : 1560 F. 
Time and Temperature 


CHART ON SCALING TESTS 


22 FIRTH=S TER DENG TS Ei iC Oo Ea 


Properties at H. igh ‘Temperatures 


Steel retains its strength with increasing 


temperatures to a remarkable extent, being exceeded in 
this important property only by High Speed Steel, 
which is considerably more brittle at the elevated 
temperatures. ‘his property makes the material espe- 
cially valuable for poppet valves for internal combus- 
tion engines. For instance, a hardened piece “pulled” 
at a temperature of 930° F. will show a tensile strength 
of approximately [00 tons; at [100° F. approximately 
35 tons and at 1300° F. approximately 15 tons, with a 
corresponding increase in elongation. 


Coefficient of Expansion 


The degree of expansibility of Steel is of con- 
siderable importance when used in connection with 
internal combustion engine valves, steam fittings, etc. 
Although only slightly less in degree of expansion 
than ordinary steel, there is sufficient difference to be 
of considerable advantage. ‘The coefficient of expan- 
sion of several of the most common materials as com- 
pared to Steel is given below. These figures 
represent the linear expansion in fractions of an inch, 
per degree centigrade, at temperatures up to 200° C. 


MATERIAL COEFFICIENT OF EXPANSION 
Steely 2). ae ene eee 0000109 
Mild: Steele; (95 ee ee 0000125 
Coppet..%. 2626. ee 0000172 


Brass 0... 43a eee 0000187 


EXPANSION IN MILLIONTHS PER UNIT LENGTH 


W 
W 


STAINLESS ~ STEEL 


Coefficient of Linear Expansion 


The following charts are taken from the Bureau of 
Standards Scientific Paper No. 426, pages 512 and 
513. Firth-Sterling Steel was used in these 
tests. 


12000 


‘ aan 


8000 


4000 


TEMPERATURE 


THERMAL EXPANSION OF ANNEALED STAINLESS STEEL 


ah 


4040 


EXPANSION IN MILLIONTHS PER UNIT LENGTH 


FIRE =STERLUNG 3s PEE ESC ONGr Aaa 


Coefficient of Linear Expanston—(Continued) 


) 300° 600° 900° 


52° 572° 11125 1652° 
TEMPERATURE 


THERMAL EXPANSION OF HARDENED STAINLESS STEEL 


Cent. 
Fehr. 


Cn 


OT ASIGN EE ESS eS c1e Ek Bot 4 


Modulus of Elasticity 


Experiments have shown that the modulus of elastic- 
ity of Steel is slightly in excess of 30,000,000 
Ibs. per sq. in. 


Thermal Conductivity 


The rate of heat transmission has been determined on 
Steel in both the hard and soft condition. In 
the hardened state, the conductivity is less than in the 
annealed condition, being only about three-fourths of 
the latter. 

The thermal conductivity of pure iron is .146 
c.g.s. units. By comparison with pure iron, [S=tess] 
Steel in the soft condition has a thermal conductivity 
of .0445 c.g.s. units, being about one-third that of iron. 
Summarized, these figures show the following: 


Soft Bice Me erie. 0445 c.g.s. units 
Hard Sue ie, gal Geers 0334 c.g.s. units 


1038 NRO oy .1460 c.g.s. units 


36 FIRTH -S.TERLING S23 E bi sc 0 MIP he 


Electrical Conductivity and Resistivity 


The electrical specific resistance of Steel in 
the soft condition is fifty to fifty-five microhms per 
centimeter. In the hardened and tempered condition 
its resistance is increased to sixty-five to seventy mi- 
crohms per centimeter. For transmission purposes, it 
may be compared to pure iron which has a resistance 
of only one-sixth that of Steel. The resistance 
of copper is one-seventh that of pure iron, so by com- 
parison the resistance of the steel is about forty-two 
times as great as that of copper. 


For wire to be used in heating units the resistance 
of the steel is only about half that of Nichrome. A 
comparative table of the approximate electrical re- 
sistance of three common substances follows: 


MATERIAL MICROHMS PER CM. 
Copper: 2.2 

Pure-lron -.3.% 0.00. 4 = ee 
Steel .....25° 2... eee 50 
Nichrome. ......44455 4:0 eee 100 


M agnetic Properties 


Fairly good magnets can be made from Steel. 
It is a splendid material for use where resistance to 
corrosion is required. In the soft state, it has the 
same degree of permeability as that of .90% carbon 


CoA ONG ES San Sila Bl oe 


steel in the normalized condition. Its best magnetic 
properties are brought out when it 1s hardened. ‘Tests 
on samples of Steel, oil quenched at a tempera- 
imescumiy 5) gave a coercive force of fifty-eight 
with a remanence of seventy-two hundred. Aside 
from its stain-resisting advantages, Steel does 
not compare favorably with the Firth-Sterling “C” 
Magnet and Firth-Sterling Special Magnet Steels. 


Specific Gravity 
The specific gravity of Dice lmmicme oe DCIILe: 
considerably less than that of Blue Chip High Speed 
Steel. A comparison between it, Blue Chip High 
Speed and Firth-Sterling Special Tool Steels, is as 
follows: 


STEEL SPECIFIC GRAVITY 
Pie@enimerich Speed Steel......... 8.50 
fiaeotening, Special’ Pool Steel... 733 
Firth-Sterling SiCe arent Reena 7s 


Melting Point 


The melting point of Steel is higher than that 
of High Speed Steel. From observations taken dur- 
ing the melting of the steel and the pouring and solidi- 
fication of it into ingots, the melting point has been 
found to be in the vicinity of 2750° F. 


FIRTH=-STERUIN GG STEEL COMPA New 


38 


SME bab eck IPI DIE. 39 


Cutting Properties 


No claim is made for Steel as a suitable steel 
for metal cutting tools. Its cutting field is limited to 
table cutlery, pocket knives, hunting knives, surgical 
instruments, meat cutting blades, leather knives, etc. 
For these purposes it serves admirably. Occasionally, 
knives made of Steel are found which are not 
hard enough for table use. For years makers of cutlery 
have been accustomed to the working of steel which 
hardens at a red heat, about 1400° F. A heat approxi- 
mating a lemon color, (about 1825° F.) is necessary 
to properly harden pfeclus Ltrcane readily be 
seen that the tendency is towards quenching at too low 
a heat and in our experience we have found this to 
be true. In exceptional cases, however, we have noted 
that the other extreme is sometimes reached. Knives 
have been examined which were soft yet brittle on the 
tip or point of the blade. These blades had no doubt 
been considerably overheated and burned. Many 
other factors, such as decarbonization of the cutting 
edge, improper grinding, and lack of uniform heating 
and quenching, have in the past given faulty results 
which have been wrongly attributed to the lack of 
hardening properties in the steel. 


Ordinary steel knives stain and discolor readily, 
which necessitates frequent scouring or cleaning with 
an abrasive. This daily operation has a tendency to 


40 FIRTH-STERLING STEEL COMPANY 


keep the cutting edge sharp. Steel knives are 
never scoured, but should be sharpened occasionally 
by means of a steel or sharpening machine to insure a 
keen cutting edge. 


SWE NILES Ses DEE 4] 


Resistance to Various Agencies of 


Rust, Stain and Corrosion 
(when properly treated and finished) 


Weathering 


This is the most common of all corrosive influences, 
but has little or no effect upon Steel and 
Iron. Samples have been exposed to all types 
of weather, wet and dry, frost and snow, for many 
months and at the end of that time have been per- 
fectly bright and unaffected in any way. Specimens 
placed in streams have retained their original bright- 
ness after months of exposure. Water containing a 
high percentage of dissolved oxygen has no appre- 
ciable effect upon Steel or Iron. The atmo- 
sphere of industrial cities has a superficial effect, but 
this is due essentially to the products of combustion 
present in such localities. Oxides of sulphur are 
found in smoke and in the finely divided cinders which 
are precipitated from it. In connection with a moist 
atmosphere, such conditions offer quite severe tests to 
the stain resistance of Steeleand Iron: 


Sea Water 


When free from defects, the material is little affected 
by sea-water. ‘The sea-water or brine solution test, 
however, is an excellent one for testing the perfection 
or degree of resistance. 


FIRTH-STERGIN Gy STEEDS COM a 


42 


CT Atl NU: EStseee Sele EL 43 


Metal Corrosion 


Where two dissimilar metals are placed in contact in 
an electrolyte, a galvanic action is set up. This con- © 
dition is very favorable to corrosion. Steel is 
no exception to this rule. When it is used in a solu- 
tion in connection with bearing metals, such as copper, 
bronze and brass, considerable tarnishing and pitting 
of the surface is noted. 


Fruits, Vegetables, Meats and Vinegar 


There is no doubt but that Steel has made its 
reputation in the cutlery field. It is in this appli- 
Ga@eaneeonc ot practical service, that it has clearly 
demonstrated its superiority over any other material 
heretofore offered. Millions of Steel knives 
in use today have permanently established its value 
for this purpose. Fruit and vegetable acids, such as 
are present in the orange, lemon, apple, tomato, etc., 
show no effect whatever. Pickling. vinegar offers a 
slight attack, due to the presence of hydrochloric acid 
formed during the reaction of the acetic acid upon 
the sodium chloride or salt usually found in pickling 
solutions. Steel and Iron offer complete re- 
sistance to the effects of lye or ammonia. ‘Thus it can 
readily be seen that their resistance to the above com- 
mon corrosive agents, has made Steel and Iron 
exceptionally efficient materials for all kinds of table 
cutlery and culinary utensils. 


44 FIRTH-sS TERDCULNG* SLE ED CO VE AN 


UNpoLisHeo PotlsHeO 


NICKEL STAINLESS. 
BLADES: BLAves 
WS 7 


Cron fen 


SANE BS 5 ae Sie Ealy ie 
Mention has been made of the fact that Steel 
shows its highest resistance to stain when in the hard- 
ened or some modification of the hardened state. This 
rule applies to all cases, whether the hardness be due to 
a high quenching temperature or the result of a low 
tempering heat. Within reasonable limits, in which 
composition plays an important part, the harder the 
steel, the more resistant the surface. 


In the foregoing, mention has been made only of 
the application of Steel to common household 
articles and of its resistance to tarnishing agents met 
with in everyday life. However, its use is not limited 
to this narrow field. It has a very wide field of ap- 
plication to which it readily adapts itself as shown by 
its behavior with the following corrosive reagents :— 
Acetic Acid. Glacial Acetic-has no effect. Diluted 

to various strengths it attacks slightly. It is a 
remarkable fact that vinegar which contains 5% 
Acetic acid, has little or no effect upon properly 
hardened and polished Stainless Steel. 


Acetic Anhydride Acid. Attacks readily. 
Acetone. Slightly attacks the steel. 


Alcohol. The hardened steel is not appreciably at- 
tacked by ethyl alcohol or ordinary alcoholic 
beverages. 


Alkalies. Caustic alkalies have no effect whatever 
upon the steel. 


Alum. Strong solutions readily react upon the steel. 


40° FIRTH-STERLING STEEL GOM P Awies 


SP ALENGIcE S Sane Sele enc 47 


Aluminum Sulphate. Solutions of various strength 
attack the steel. 


Ammonia. Solutions of ammonia have no effect. 
Ammonium Chloride. Very marked corrosion. 
Ammonium Sulphate. Steel is readily attacked. 
Aqua Regia (3HC!l + HNO). Stainless steel offers 
very little resistance to this combination of acids, 


regardless of whether the steel is hardened or 
annealed. 


Baking Oven Gases. Very slignt tarnish. 

Benzene. No effect. 

Benzol. No effect. 

Blood. No corrosive action. 

Boric Acid. ‘The steel is unaffected by this acid in any 
degree of concentration. 


Calcium Chloride. Does not attack the steel in a 
saturated solution but dilute solutions have a 
slight effect. 

Carbon Tetrachloride. Like many corrosive agents, 
the pure liquid has no effect but dilute alcoholic 
solutions readily attack the steel. | 


Chloracetic Acid. Attacks the steel in all conditions. 
Chlorine. Either dry or moist chlorine gas readily 
attacks the steel. 


Chlorosulphonic Acid. Immersed specimens not 
visibly affected but acid reacts on steel with moist 


48 . FIRTH-STERLING STEEL COMPANY 


GUIBAGIEN [a beS Gurus Ts EL 49 


air and specimens partially immersed are attacked 
at level of the liquid. 

Citric Acid. ‘The steel is corroded in proportion to 
the strength of the acid. Lemon juice containing 
about 6% Citric Acid has no effect. 

Copper Chloride. Readily attacks the steel. 

Copper Sulphate. In a neutral solution, this salt does 
not appreciably affect the hardened steel. 

Dry Battery Compound (A mixture of zinc and am- 
monium chloride with manganese dioxide). Very 
marked corrosion takes place. 

Ferric Chloride. Readily attacks. 

Formic Acid. The steel is attacked to a limited degree. 

Gasoline. No effect. 

Glue. Not ordinarily effected. 


Hydrochloric Acid. Stainless Steel offers little re- 
sistance to this acid. 

Ink. Stainless Steel has been tested with various 
makes and colors of ink. Little effect has been 
noted, although in some cases the steel was stained 
slightly. 

Iodine. Corrodes but to a limited degree. 

Lactic Acid. Corrodes to a considerable degree. Sour 
milk, although high in Lactic acid content, does 
not attack the steel. 


Lemon Juice. No effect but steel is affected by Cit- 
ric Acid (See notes on vinegar and acetic acid). 


50 FIRTH STERLUNG* SD PES COM ANe 


SIIPALON 1 & Sime Se REL 51 


Lime. No effect whatever upon the steel. 

Lysol. No effect upon the steel. 

Magnesium Carbonate. A thick paste of this mate- 
rial was allowed to dry on the steel. No effect 
was noted. 

Menthol. Strong alcoholic solutions stain the steel 
in proportion to the degree of concentration. 
Mercuric Chloride. A marked corrosion takes place 
when strong solutions are used. Very dilute solu- 
tions, such as are used for surgical antiseptics, 

have little effect. 

Mercury. No attack whatever. 


Milk. Neither sweet nor sour milk affects the steel. 
see Lactic Acid. 

Monochloracetic Acid. Attacks readily. 

Nitric Acid. Practically no effect upon the steel. 
Boiling solutions of either dilute or concentrated 
acid do not attack it. 

Novocaine. To note its adaptability for hypodermic 
needles, the steel was immersed in a 1% solution 
of this substance for seven days. No appreciable 
effect was disclosed. 

Oils. Light or heavy lubricating oils, cylinder and 
paraffin oils have no effect. 

Oleic Acid. No effect upon the steel. 

Phosphoric Acid. A saturated solution has no effect. 
In various degrees of concentration, a slight gen- 
eral attack takes place. 


ies RFIREH-STERLING~S DEE ECO Vira 


BAL ASENG anes aees Et 53 


Potassium Cyanide. No effect on the steel. 
Potassium Ferricyanide. Readily attacks the steel. 
Potassium Oxalate. No effect on the steel. 

Quinine Sulphate. Steel is noticeably pitted. 

Quinine Bisulphate. Steel is noticeably pitted. 

Rubber. Investigations made with apparatus meeting 
conditions in the vulcanizing of rubber indicate 
the steel is attacked due to Sulphur Chloride 
present. 

Silver Bromide. No attack offered by this salt. 

Sodium Chloride. Pitted locally by saturated solu- 
tion (pure). 

Sodium Salicylate. No noticeable effect. 

Sodium Sulphate. Strong solutions of this salt readily 
attack the steel. 

Soft Soap. Has no effect upon the steel. 

Steam. No corrosion offered unless considerable 
amounts of some salt or acid is in solution in the 
water. 

Stearic Acid. No effect upon the steel. 

Sugar. Totally unaffected by any strength of solution. 

Sulphur Chloride. In the presence of water or 
moisture, the steel is readily attacked by this cor- 
rosive chemical. 

Sulphuric Acid. Readily attacks in any degree of 
concentration. 


54 FIR THeS TERE DNGYS TE EW -CO MPA ii 


Sulphurous Acid. Very similar in its reactions to 
sulphuric. 


Tannic Acid. Does not offer any attack but fumes 
cause a very slight stain. 


Tannin. Practically no effect. 


Thymol. Slightly stained by strong solutions. 


Trichloracetic Acid. Attacks immediately and action 
is very rapid. 


SPA TN EE SSo 5 LEE 


TERMS 
OF 
WARRANTY 


We will replace any steel 
which proves defective 
when properly worked and 
treated and used for the 
purpose specified in the 
Pict mp teio 1c ld) Metor 
labor or damages will be 
allowed. We cannot guar- 
antee resistance to corrosion 
unless we know the exact 
conditions under which 
steel is to be used. 


55 


SEAT INTIS Sens URED yi 


Index 


PAGE 
Acetic Acid - - : : ; : 2 45 
Acetone” - : 2 : . 2 : 45 
Acetylene mining eh petite - : - - = - 20 
Air hardening Beep ety A : : ~ i 3 : 15 
Alcohol — - - : : : . : : a 45 
Alkalies - = : : : : : : a : 45 
Alum - . : - : : : : : 45 
Aluminum ainhate - - = - - : - 47 
American Stainless Steel Company - - - - = 9 
Ammonia - - - - : : : 5 A AY, 
Ammonium Chloride - - : : : ; : BLA 749 
Analysis - - - - : : : : é : 25 
Annealing - - - - - - - - =o a16 
Annealed, ‘Darileneee - - : : : : z 13 
Pel eaticns 3 : E : Z : : Hae 
Aqua Regia - - - = : : : - 47 
Atmospheric corrosion - - - - - : - - 4] 
Battery Spoounds - : : : : : : : 49 
Benzene - : : : : : a : z 47 
Benzol - : : d é 7 if 47 
Blue Chip High Speed Steel - - - - - - Av 
Boric Acid - : : , : : : 47 
Brazing - - - - : . : 2 R 20 
Brearley, Harry - : : : é : : - 2 9 
Brinell hardness - : : Pel Omer: ooze) 
Bureau of Standards Tables 3 2 - : aE Sey es 
Calcium Chloride - : é : : i A7 
Carbon Tetrachloride - - - 4 : a q ; 47 
Case Hardening : : - 2 é : : : oN 
Caustics  - - - : : zs : . i 45 
Chemical Analysis - - “ : z : : : 25 
Chlorine - - - : 2 : ‘ : is s 47 
Chloracetic Acid - E = : 2 Z . 47 
Chlorosulphonic Acid - = - = 2 “ . 47 
Chromium - - - = : E 2 2 Beh OVP 5 7. 
Citric Acid . - - = < : : : 49 


Coefficient of Expansion” - : : : : 32, 33, 34 


58 FHIRTH-STERLIN G oSTLER EP COMPaay 


PAGE 
Cold Working - 2 - - - : , - - 2A 
Copper Chloride - - - - - - - - 49 
Copper Sulphate - - - - - - - - 23, 49 
Corrosion - 2 2 - - - : : : - ZF 
Corrosion, Atmospheric ; - . - - - 4] 
Corrosion, Metal : : A = : = - 2 43 
Corrosion, Seats of = - “ = a = : - - 23 
Cutlery = - - : - . = - - - ae a es be) 
Cutting Properties — - : : E “ = Stale : 39 
Deep Drawing - - S - - - - - vA 
Discoloration at High Temperatures - , < : =5 18800 
Drawing the Temper - - - - - - - 18 
Dry Battery Compound — - - - = - - - 49 
Dry Finishing - - - - - - - - - ao 
Electrical Conductivity 4 2 - : - - 36 
Electrical Resistivity - < : : = - . : 36 
Electrolytic action 2 4 2 - : : - 14, 23, 43 
Etching a - - - - - - - - - Loe 
Expansion, Coefficient of - = - 4 : = S233, 4 
Ferric Chloride - - - - - - - 20,23, 49 
Finishing - - <7 2 ath 3s It, VA ae 
Firth-Sterling Macnee Steel - : : - - s7 
Firth-Sterling Special Tool Steel - : : 5 - 3 37 
Firth eo 0ns elstd ye nos : : - ‘ = Da16 
Flux for brazing - - - - - E - : 20 
Forging Iron - : - - - : - 19 
Forging Steel - - - 2 - - - ie 
Formic Acid = - ; : - - - - : 49 
Fruits - - - - - - - - : : 43 
Galvanic, see Electrolytic Action 
Gasoline - - - - - - - - 2 - 49 
Glue - - - - - - - - - = 49 
Grinders-scorch ~ = 5 - - - - - : 22 
Grinding - - - = - a ee - : . 22 
Guarantee - : - - - - - - S : ee 
Hardening treatment - : - - - - - - 17 
Hardness - : - - - - 7 ebay ale 
Hardness of Gales : 4 - - - - - - 39 
Heat Curves” - - - - - - - - : 18 


Heat Treatment = - - - - - - - 14,17 


STU GIN Gey Oe 59 


PAGE 
High Speed Steel 2 2 e 2 : : 3) ee pA ou oS, 
nastorye | = : : E 2 : : < : 9 
Hot Stamping - - = - - - - - - 24 
Hydrochloric Acid - - - - - - 23, 24, 49 
Identification Marks - : 3 : 2 - E = Ee! 
Ink - - : a : : : “ : = : 49 
Iodine - ‘ - - - - - - : - 49 
Lactic Acid - - - ~ = - - - - 49 
Lemon Juice’ - - - - - - - 2 “ 49 
Lime - . : - = = - : : 51 
Lye - - - g : ; - - 5 : : 43 
Lysol : - : - - : : - : 2 Si! 
Machinability § - - : - - - - : : 13 
Machining Properties - - - - - - - - 22 
Magnesium Carbonate ~ : - - - - 2 Sul 
Magnetic Properties - - - - - - - - oy 
Meats - - - - - - - - 4 = 43 
Melting Point - - - - - - - - - 39 
Menthol - 4 - ~ - . - = 2 2 51 
Mercury - - - . - - - - = : Di 
Mercuric Chlorid : - - - - - - : au 
Metal Corrosion - : - 4 = : - : 43 
Milk - - * - - - = - : : Sil 
Modulus of Elasticity - - - - - - - 35 
Monochloracetic Acid : - - : z - - 51 
Nitric Acid - - - - - - - = 51 
Momuauzing ~§-°  - - - - - - - - 16 
Novocaine - - - - - - - - : 3 51 
Oils - = - - = - s - - : : 51 
Oleic Acid - - - - - - - : 3 D | 
Oven Gases - - - - - = - - . 47 
Oxidation, see Corrosion 
Oxide of Sulphur - a : 4 - : : 2 41 
Particularly Annealed - : - - - : Sloe lt 
Patents - - - - - - - - - - 9 
Permanent Magnets - - - - : - - - ey) 
Physical Properties - - - - . - - - 14,27 
Phosphoric Acid : - 2 . - - - - BI 
Pickling - - - - - - - - “ - 24 


Pickling Vinegar - - - - - - - ; 43 


60:> “FIRTH-STERLING  STRERL COM? Ana 


PAGE 
Polishing 2 “ = : _ : - a ee oat 
Purposes’ - : . . - : - : - 2 1] 
Possibilities : : - : : : - é : 11 
Potassium Cyanide - - - - - - - - 53 
Potassium Oxalate - z : = - - - 53 
Properties at High Temperatures - - - : - Sy 
Quinine Sulphate - g : 5 : - - 53 
Reduction Area - - 5 2 : : 2 21 28629 a0 
Removal of Surface - . - : J : - 131421? ee 
Resistance to Heat - - - - - - - - 31 
Rubber : : 5 7 : . - - : : 53 
Rust, see Corrosion 
Scaling at High Temperatures - - - - - - 31 
Scale in Stencil Marks - : ~ = = : - 24 
Scorch, Grinders : : . - - - - - as 
Seats of Corrosion — - : : - : - - - 23 
Sea Water : : - . - 2 : 2 : 4] 
Silver Bromide - 2 - - : - ; - : oye 
Iron? - - - - - = - - : 14 
Smoke “ 2 “ : : - - = : 4] 
Sodium Chloride - - - eS = - - 53 
Sodium Salicylate : _ - - : : 2 - 53 
Sodium Sulphate - : . s 2 : - 53 
Soft Soap - - : : : : = 5 - - a5 
Soldering - ; s : “ : 2 c s 5 gee 
Solutions for Etching - . 5 7 - : : - 23 
Solution for Pickling - - : : : - : - 24 
Specific Gravity “2 = 3 - - : = - 37 
Stainless Iron Discovery — - : = - = 2 é 10 
Steam - - : : - - - : - 53 
Stearic Acid : : : - - - “ . ae 
Stencil Marks - - - - - - = - 2 24 
Sugar - : : - - - a 4 : 53 
Sulphur China: - - - - =, as E : 53 
Sulphuric Acid - - - : E - ane 53 
Sulphurous Acid z - - - - - = : 54 
Surface, removal of - : 2 - : ~ 13314, 212787 
Tannic Acid : = : 2 z 2 : : 54 
‘Tannin e ‘ : 2 : : i 54 


Temper Caloree - - - : : = : 5 ae O 


SATIN URES Stoel EES 61 


PAGE 
‘Tempering = - - - - - : : 2 18 
Tensile Strength - 3 - - - : ey) 
‘Terms of Warranty - - - 3 - : = - a5) 
‘Thermal meescuotiy Cy. - - - - 7 é : 35 
Ceiyvimol ea - - : - - : - - 54 
Trichloracetic Acid - - - - - 2 : : 54 
Types of Stainless Steel - - = 4 2 - - 13 
Uses - : : - - : : : : eal ee 
Vegetables : - - - : - - - 5 43 
Vinegar - : “ ‘ - : 2 = : 43 
Warranty - - - - - - - - - oe) 
Weathering crs ia - - - - - - : 4] 
Welding - - - - - - - - - Z 20 
Wet Finishing - - - : é = : : 22 
Yield Point : - - - - - : te a PAY ee) 


Zinc Chloride - . : 7 - - - - - 21 


ra 
——— 


i 


7 GETTY RESEARC rind. 


min ee te 


Se a a Sie SS SSE 
ea a ar = 


See oan wa La 


(Nae a ee He = 
Sane Semiahmoo a Sr Tae 


ee ess nas 
SSS = Se a a ee Sy eS a a Pe a ee 


Sse eee 


